Getting StartedThe SQLite project provides a simple command-line program namedsqlite3 (or sqlite3.exe on Windows)that allows the user to manually enter and execute SQLstatements against an SQLite database or against a. This document provides a briefintroduction on how to use the sqlite3 program.Start the sqlite3 program by typing 'sqlite3' at thecommand prompt, optionally followedby the name the file that holds the SQLite database(or ).
SQLite Studio is an IDE for software developers that use SQLite, the free, open-source, single-user database engine that is used by a wide variety of software. SQLite Studio has a clean, elegant design for working with tables, views, indexing and triggers. It also has a full featured SQL editor with code completion and syntax highlighting. SQLiteManager is a 'next generation' GUI database manager for sqlite databases. It combines an incredible easy to use interface with blazing speed and advanced features. SQLiteManager allows.
SQLiteManager is a powerful database-management system for SQLite databases. It combines an easy-to-use interface with blazing speed and advanced features. SQLiteManager allows you to work with a wide range of SQLite 3 databases (like plain databases, in-memory databases, AES 128/256/RC4 encrypted databases, and also with cubeSQL server databases). SQLite Editor for Mac & iOS SQLiteFlow. SQLiteFlow是為Mac和iOS平臺開發的直觀,穩定和易用的SQLite編輯器。 支援平臺. MacOS 10.13+ / iOS 12.0+ 下載. 版本 4.3.4 2020-07-08 更新說明. SQLPro for SQLite is the top SQLite editor for OS X. Automatic data reloading when the database gets modified externally. Backwards compatibility with SQLite 2. Version integration. Mucked your database? Rollback to a previous version. Semiautomatic dependency resolution. Column reordering.
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- Getting Started with SQLite on macOS / Mac OS X. SQLite is a compact, cross platform, self-contained relational database management system that is available in the public domain. SQLite is included in macOS and Mac OS X by default. It is located in the /usr/bin directory and called sqlite3.
If the namedfile does not exist, a new database file with the given name will becreated automatically. If no database file is specified on thecommand-line, a temporary database is created, then deleted whenthe 'sqlite3' program exits.On startup, the sqlite3 program will show a brief bannermessage then prompt you to enter SQL.
Type in SQL statements (terminatedby a semicolon), press 'Enter' and the SQL will be executed.For example, to create a new SQLite database named 'ex1'with a single table named 'tbl1', you might do this. $ sqlite3 ex1SQLite version 3.28.0 2019-03-02 15:25:24Enter '.help' for usage hints.sqlite create table tbl1(one varchar(10), two smallint);sqlite insert into tbl1 values('hello!'
,10);sqlite insert into tbl1 values('goodbye', 20);sqlite select. from tbl1;hello! 10goodbye 20sqliteTerminate the sqlite3 program by typing your systemEnd-Of-File character (usually a Control-D). Use the interruptcharacter (usually a Control-C) to stop a long-running SQL statement.Make sure you type a semicolon at the end of each SQL command!The sqlite3 program looks for a semicolon to know when your SQL command iscomplete. If you omit the semicolon, sqlite3 will give you acontinuation prompt and wait for you to enter more text to beadded to the current SQL command. This feature allows you toenter SQL commands that span multiple lines. Sqlite CREATE TABLE tbl2 (.
![Mac Mac](https://media.pcwin.com/images/screen/splinetech_javascript_html_debugger-30329.gif)
f1 varchar(30) primary key. f2 text. f3 real. );sqlite2. Double-click Startup On WindowsWindows users can double-click on the sqlite3.exe icon to causethe command-line shell to pop-up a terminal window running SQLite.
However,because double-clicking starts the sqlite3.exe without command-line arguments,no database file will have been specified, so SQLite will use a temporarydatabase that is deleted when the session exits.To use a persistent disk file as the database, enter the '.open' commandimmediately after the terminal window starts up. SQLite version 3.28.0 2019-03-02 15:25:24Enter '.help' for usage hints.Connected to a transient in-memory database.Use '.open FILENAME' to reopen on a persistent database.sqlite.open ex1.dbsqliteThe example above causes the database file named 'ex1.db' to be openedand used. The 'ex1.db' file is created if it does not previously exist.You might want touse a full pathname to ensure that the file is in the directory that youthink it is in.
Use forward-slashes as the directory separator character.In other words use 'c:/work/ex1.db', not 'c:workex1.db'.Alternatively, you can create a new database using the default temporarystorage, then save that database into a disk file using the '.save' command. SQLite version 3.28.0 2019-03-02 15:25:24Enter '.help' for usage hints.Connected to a transient in-memory database.Use '.open FILENAME' to reopen on a persistent database.sqlite. Many SQL commands omitted.sqlite.save ex1.dbsqliteBe careful when using the '.save' command as it will overwrite anypreexisting database files having the same name without prompting forconfirmation. As with the '.open' command, you might want to use afull pathname with forward-slash directory separators to avoid ambiguity.3.
Special commands to sqlite3 (dot-commands)Most of the time, sqlite3 just reads lines of input and passes themon to the SQLite library for execution.But input lines that begin with a dot ('.' )are intercepted and interpreted by the sqlite3 program itself.These 'dot commands' are typically used to change the output formatof queries, or to execute certain prepackaged query statements.There were originally just a few dot commands, but over the yearsmany new features have accumulated so that today there over 60.For a listing of the available dot commands, you can enter '.help' withno arguments. Or enter '.help TOPIC' for detailed information about TOPIC.The list of available dot-commands follows. Manage SQL archives.auth ON OFF Show authorizer callbacks.backup?DB?
FILE Backup DB (default 'main') to FILE.bail on off Stop after hitting an error. Default OFF.binary on off Turn binary output on or off. Default OFF.cd DIRECTORY Change the working directory to DIRECTORY.changes on off Show number of rows changed by SQL.check GLOB Fail if output since.testcase does not match.clone NEWDB Clone data into NEWDB from the existing database.databases List names and files of attached databases.dbconfig?op??val? List or change sqlite3dbconfig options.dbinfo?DB? Show status information about the database.dump?TABLE? Render database content as SQL.echo on off Turn command echo on or off.eqp on off full.
Enable or disable automatic EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN.excel Display the output of next command in spreadsheet.exit?CODE? Exit this program with return-code CODE.expert EXPERIMENTAL. Suggest indexes for queries.explain?on off auto? Change the EXPLAIN formatting mode. Default: auto.filectrl CMD. Run various sqlite3filecontrol operations.fullschema?-indent? Show schema and the content of sqlitestat tables.headers on off Turn display of headers on or off.help?-all??PATTERN?
Show help text for PATTERN.import FILE TABLE Import data from FILE into TABLE.imposter INDEX TABLE Create imposter table TABLE on index INDEX.indexes?TABLE? Show names of indexes.limit?LIMIT??VAL? Display or change the value of an SQLITELIMIT.lint OPTIONS Report potential schema issues.load FILE?ENTRY? Load an extension library.log FILE off Turn logging on or off. FILE can be stderr/stdout.mode MODE?TABLE? Set output mode.nullvalue STRING Use STRING in place of NULL values.once?OPTIONS??FILE? Output for the next SQL command only to FILE.open?OPTIONS??FILE?
Close existing database and reopen FILE.output?FILE? Send output to FILE or stdout if FILE is omitted.parameter CMD.
Manage SQL parameter bindings.print STRING. Print literal STRING.progress N Invoke progress handler after every N opcodes.prompt MAIN CONTINUE Replace the standard prompts.quit Exit this program.read FILE Read input from FILE.recover Recover as much data as possible from corrupt db.restore?DB? FILE Restore content of DB (default 'main') from FILE.save FILE Write in-memory database into FILE.scanstats on off Turn sqlite3stmtscanstatus metrics on or off.schema?PATTERN? Show the CREATE statements matching PATTERN.selftest?OPTIONS?
Run tests defined in the SELFTEST table.separator COL?ROW? Change the column and row separators.sha3sum. Compute a SHA3 hash of database content.shell CMD ARGS. In a system shell.show Show the current values for various settings.stats?on off? Show stats or turn stats on or off.system CMD ARGS. In a system shell.tables?TABLE? List names of tables matching LIKE pattern TABLE.testcase NAME Begin redirecting output to 'testcase-out.txt'.testctrl CMD.
Run various sqlite3testcontrol operations.timeout MS Try opening locked tables for MS milliseconds.timer on off Turn SQL timer on or off.trace?OPTIONS? Output each SQL statement as it is run.vfsinfo?AUX? Information about the top-level VFS.vfslist List all available VFSes.vfsname?AUX? Print the name of the VFS stack.width NUM1 NUM2.
Set minimum column widths for columnar outputsqlite4. Rules for 'dot-commands'Ordinary SQL statements are free-form, and can bespread across multiple lines, and can have whitespace andcomments anywhere. Dot-commands aremore restrictive:. A dot-command must begin with the '.' At the left marginwith no preceding whitespace.
The dot-command must be entirely contained on a single input line. A dot-command cannot occur in the middle of an ordinary SQLstatement. In other words, a dot-command cannot occur at acontinuation prompt. Dot-commands do not recognize comments.The dot-commandsare interpreted by the sqlite3.exe command-line program, not bySQLite itself.
So none of the dot-commands will work as an argumentto SQLite interfaces like or.5. Changing Output FormatsThe sqlite3 program is able to show the results of a queryin 14 different formats. ascii.
box. csv. column. html. insert. json. line.
list. markdown. quote. table. tabs. tclYou can use the '.mode' dot command to switch between these outputformats.The default output mode is 'list'. Inlist mode, each row of a query result is written on one line ofoutput and each column within that row is separated by a specificseparator string.
The default separator is a pipe symbol (' ').List mode is especially useful when you are going to send the outputof a query to another program (such as AWK) for additional processing. Sqlite.separator ', 'sqlite select. from tbl1;hello, 10goodbye, 20sqliteThe next '.mode' command will reset the '.separator' back to its default.So you will need repeat the '.separator' command whenever you changemodes if you want to continue using a non-standard separator.In 'quote' mode, the output is formatted as SQL literals.
Strings areenclosed in single-quotes and internal single-quotes are escaped by doubling.Blobs are displayed in hexadecimal blob literal notation (Ex: x'abcd').Numbers are displayed as ASCII text and NULL values are shown as 'NULL'.All columns are separated from each other by a comma (or whatever alternativecharacter is selected using '.separator'). Sqlite.widthsqlite.mode markdownsqlite select. from tbl1; one two - hello! 10 goodbye 20 sqlite.mode tablesqlite select. from tbl1;+-+-+ one two +-+-+ hello! 10 goodbye 20 +-+-+sqlite.mode boxsqlite select.
from tbl1;┌─────────┬─────┐│ one │ two │├─────────┼─────┤│ hello! │ 10 ││ goodbye │ 20 │└─────────┴─────┘sqliteAnother useful output mode is 'insert'.
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In insert mode, the outputis formatted to look like SQL INSERT statements. Use insertmode to generate text that can later be used to input data into adifferent database.When specifying insert mode, you have to give an extra argumentwhich is the name of the table to be inserted into. Sqlite.mode insert newtablesqlite select. from tbl1;INSERT INTO 'newtable' VALUES('hello',10);INSERT INTO 'newtable' VALUES('goodbye',20);sqliteOther output modes include 'html', 'json', and 'tcl'. Try theseyourself to see what they do.6.
Writing results to a fileBy default, sqlite3 sends query results to standard output. Youcan change this using the '.output' and '.once' commands.
Just putthe name of an output file as an argument to.output and all subsequentquery results will be written to that file. Or use the.once commandinstead of.output and output will only be redirected for the single nextcommand before reverting to the console. Use.output with no arguments tobegin writing to standard output again.
Sqlite.mode listsqlite.separator sqlite.output testfile1.txtsqlite select. from tbl1;sqlite.exit$ cat testfile1.txthello 10goodbye 20$If the first character of the '.output' or '.once' filename is a pipesymbol (' ') then the remaining characters are treated as a command and theoutput is sent to that command. This makes it easy to pipe the resultsof a query into some other process.
For example, the'open -f' command on a Mac opens a text editor to display the content thatit reads from standard input. So to see the results of a queryin a text editor, one could type. Sqlite3.once ' open -f'sqlite3 SELECT. FROM bigTable;If the '.output' or '.once' commands have an argument of '-e' thenoutput is collected into a temporary file and the system text editor isinvoked on that text file. Thus, the command '.once -e' achieves thesame result as '.once ' open -f' but with the benefit of being portableacross all systems.If the '.output' or '.once' commands have a '-x' argument, that causesthem to accumulate output as Comma-Separated-Values (CSV) in a temporaryfile, then invoke the default system utility for viewing CSV files(usually a spreadsheet program) on the result.
This is a quick way ofsending the result of a query to a spreadsheet for easy viewing. Sqlite SELECT writefile('icon.jpg',img) FROM images WHERE name='icon';Note that the readfile(X) and writefile(X,Y) functions are extensionfunctions and are not built into the core SQLite library. These routinesare available as a in thesource file in the.6.2.
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The edit SQL functionThe CLI has another build-in SQL function named edit. Edit takesone or two arguments.
The first argument is a value - usually a largemulti-line string to be edited. The second argument is the name of atext editor. If the second argument is omitted, the VISUAL environmentvariable is used. The edit function writes its first argument into atemporary file, invokes the editor on the temporary file, rereads the fileback into memory after the editor is done, then returns the edited text.The edit function can be used to make changes to large textvalues. Sqlite UPDATE docs SET body=edit(body) WHERE name='report-15';In this example, the content of the docs.body field for the entry wheredocs.name is 'report-15' will be sent to the editor. After the editor returns,the result will be written back into the docs.body field.The default operation of edit is to invoke a text editor.
But by usingan alternative edit program in the second argument, you can also get it to editimages or other non-text resources. For example, if you want to modify a JPEGimage that happens to be stored in a field of a table, you could run. SELECT name FROM sqliteschemaWHERE type IN ('table','view') AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite%'ORDER BY 1But the '.tables' command does more. It queries the tablefor all databases, not just the primary database. And it arrangesits output into neat columns.The '.indexes' command works in a similar way to list all ofthe indexes. If the '.indexes' command is given an argument which isthe name of a table, then it shows just indexes on that table.The '.schema' command shows the complete schema for the database,or for a single table if an optional tablename argument is provided.
Sqlite.schema main.The '.schema' command can be augmented with the '-indent' option,in which case it tries to reformat the various CREATE statements ofthe schema so that they are more easily readable by humans.The '.databases' command shows a list of all databases open inthe current connection. There will always be at least 2. The firstone is 'main', the original database opened. The second is 'temp',the database used for temporary tables.
There may be additionaldatabases listed for databases attached using the ATTACH statement.The first output column is the name the database is attached with,and the second column is the filename of the external file. Sqlite.databasesThe '.fullschema' dot-command works like the '.schema' command inthat it displays the entire database schema. But '.fullschema' alsoincludes dumps of the statistics tables 'sqlitestat1', 'sqlitestat3',and 'sqlitestat4', if they exist. The '.fullschema' command normallyprovides all of the information needed to exactly recreate a queryplan for a specific query. When reporting suspected problems withthe SQLite query planner to the SQLite development team, developersare requested to provide the complete '.fullschema' output as partof the trouble report. Note that the sqlitestat3 and sqlitestat4tables contain samples of index entries and so might contain sensitivedata, so do not send the '.fullschema' output of a proprietary databaseover a public channel. CSV ImportUse the '.import' command to import CSV (comma separated value) data intoan SQLite table.
The '.import' command takes two arguments which are thename of the disk file from which CSV data is to be read and the name of theSQLite table into which the CSV data is to be inserted.Note that it is important to set the 'mode' to 'csv' before running the'.import' command. This is necessary to prevent the command-line shellfrom trying to interpret the input file text as some other format. Sqlite.import C:/work/somedata.csv tab1There are two cases to consider: (1) Table 'tab1' does not previouslyexist and (2) table 'tab1' does already exist.In the first case, when the table does not previously exist, the table isautomatically created and the content of the first row of the input CSVfile is used to determine the name of all the columns in the table. Inother words, if the table does not previously exist, the first row of theCSV file is interpreted to be column names and the actual data starts onthe second row of the CSV file.For the second case, when the table already exists, every row of theCSV file, including the first row, is assumed to be actual content. Ifthe CSV file contains an initial row of column labels, you can causethe.import command to skip that initial row using the '-skip 1' option.9. CSV ExportTo export an SQLite table (or part of a table) as CSV, simply setthe 'mode' to 'csv' and then run a query to extract the desired rowsof the table. Sqlite.headers onsqlite.mode csvsqlite.once c:/work/dataout.csvsqlite SELECT.
FROM tab1;sqlite.system c:/work/dataout.csvIn the example above, the '.headers on' line causes column labels tobe printed as the first row of output. This means that the first row ofthe resulting CSV file will contain column labels. If column labels arenot desired, set '.headers off' instead. (The '.headers off' setting isthe default and can be omitted if the headers have not been previouslyturned on.)The line '.once FILENAME' causes all query output to go intothe named file instead of being printed on the console. In the exampleabove, that line causes the CSV content to be written into a file named'C:/work/dataout.csv'.The final line of the example (the '.system c:/work/dataout.csv')has the same effect as double-clicking on the c:/work/dataout.csv filein windows.
This will typically bring up a spreadsheet program to displaythe CSV file.That command only works as written on Windows.The equivalent line on a Mac would be. Sqlite.excelsqlite SELECT. FROM tab;The command above writes the output of the query as CSV into a temporaryfile, invokes the default handler for CSV files (usually the preferredspreadsheet program such as Excel or LibreOffice), then deletes thetemporary file. This is essentially a short-hand method of doingthe sequence of '.csv', '.once', and '.system' commands described above.The '.excel' command is really an alias for '.once -x'. The -x optionto.once causes it to writes results as CSV into a temporary file thatis named with a '.csv' suffix, then invoke the systems default handlerfor CSV files.There is also a '.once -e' command which works similarly, except thatit names the temporary file with a '.txt' suffix so that the defaulttext editor for the system will be invoked, instead of the defaultspreadsheet.10. Accessing ZIP Archives As Database FilesIn addition to reading and writing SQLite database files,the sqlite3 program will also read and write ZIP archives.Simply specify a ZIP archive filename in place of an SQLite databasefilename on the initial command line, or in the '.open' command,and sqlite3 will automatically detect that the file is aZIP archive instead of an SQLite database and will open it as such.This works regardless of file suffix.
So you can open JAR, DOCX,and ODP files and any other file format that is really a ZIParchive and SQLite will read it for you.A ZIP archive appears to be a database containing a single tablewith the following schema. CREATE TABLE zip(name, // Name of the filemode, // Unix-style file permissionsmtime, // Timestamp, seconds since 1970sz, // File size after decompressionrawdata, // Raw compressed file datadata, // Uncompressed file contentmethod // ZIP compression method code);So, for example, if you wanted to see the compression efficiency(expressed as the size of the compressed content relative to theoriginal uncompressed file size) for all files in the ZIP archive,sorted from most compressed to least compressed, you could run aquery like this. Sqlite.schemaCREATE VIRTUAL TABLE zip USING zipfile('document.docx')/. zip(name,mode,mtime,sz,rawdata,data,method)./;When opening a file, if the command-line client discovers that thefile is ZIP archive instead of an SQLite database, it actually opensan and then in that in-memory database it createsan instance of the that is attached to theZIP archive.The special processing for opening ZIP archives is a trick of thecommand-line shell, not the core SQLite library. So if you want toopen a ZIP archive as a database in your application, you will need toactivate the module then run an appropriatestatement.11. Converting An Entire Database To An ASCII Text FileUse the '.dump' command to convert the entire contents of adatabase into a single ASCII text file.
This file can be convertedback into a database by piping it back into sqlite3.A good way to make an archival copy of a database is this. $ createdb ex2$ sqlite3 ex1.dump psql ex2 12. Recover Data From a Corrupted DatabaseLike the '.dump' command, '.recover' attempts to convert the entirecontents of a database file to text. The difference is that instead ofreading data using the normal SQL database interface, '.recover'attempts to reassemble the database based on data extracted directly fromas many database pages as possible. If the database is corrupt, '.recover'is usually able to recover data from all uncorrupted parts of the database,whereas '.dump' stops when the first sign of corruption is encountered.If the '.recover' command recovers one or more rows that it cannotattribute to any database table, the output script creates a 'lostandfound'table to store the orphaned rows.
The schema of the lostandfoundtable is as follows. CREATE TABLE lostandfound(rootpgno INTEGER, - root page of tree pgno is a part ofpgno INTEGER, - page number row was found onnfield INTEGER, - number of fields in rowid INTEGER, - value of rowid field, or NULLc0, c1, c2, c3. columns for fields of row);The 'lostandfound' table contains one row for each orphaned row recoveredfrom the database. Additionally, there is one row for each recovered indexentry that cannot be attributed to any SQL index. This is because, in anSQLite database, the same format is used to store SQL index entries andWITHOUT ROWID table entries.ColumnContentsrootpgnoEven though it may not be possible to attribute therow to a specific database table, it may be part of a tree structurewithin the database file. In this case, the root page number of thattree structure is stored in this column. Or, if the page the row wasfound on is not part of a tree structure, this column stores a copy ofthe value in column 'pgno' - the page number of the page the row wasfound on.
In many, although not all, cases, all rows in thelostandfound table with the same value in this column belong to thesame table.pgnoThe page number of the page on which this row was found.nfieldThe number of fields in this row.idIf the row comes from a WITHOUT ROWID table, this columncontains NULL. Otherwise, it contains the 64-bit integer rowid value forthe row.c0, c1, c2.The values for each column of the roware stored in these columns. The '.recover' command creates thelostandfound table with as many columns as required by the longestorphaned row.If the recovered database schema already contains a table named'lostandfound', the '.recover' command uses the name 'lostandfound0'.
Ifthe name 'lostandfound0' is also already taken, 'lostandfound1', and soon. The default name 'lostandfound' may be overridden by invoking '.recover'with the -lost-and-found switch. For example, to have the output script callthe table 'orphanedrows'. Sqlite.load /path/to/myextensionNote that SQLite automatically adds the appropriate extension suffix('.dll' on windows, '.dylib' on Mac, '.so' on most other unixes) to theextension filename.
It is generally a good idea to specify the fullpathname of the extension.SQLite computes the entry point for the extension based on the extensionfilename. To override this choice, simply add the name of the extensionas a second argument to the '.load' command.Source code for several useful extensions can be found in thesubdirectory of the SQLite source tree. You can use these extensionsas-is, or as a basis for creating your own custom extensions to addressyour own particular needs.14.
Cryptographic Hashes Of Database ContentThe '.sha3sum' dot-command computes ahash of the contentof the database. To be clear, the hash is computed over the database content,not its representation on disk. This means, for example, that aor similar data-preserving transformation does not change the hash.The '.sha3sum' command supports options '-sha3-224', '-sha3-256','-sha3-384', and '-sha3-512' to define which variety of SHA3 to usefor the hash. The default is SHA3-256.The database schema (in the table) is not normallyincluded in the hash, but can be added by the '-schema' option.The '.sha3sum' command takes a single optional argument which is apattern. If this option is present, only tables whose names matchthe pattern will be hashed.The '.sha3sum' command is implemented with the help of thethat is included with the command-line shell.15.
Database Content Self-TestsThe '.selftest' command attempts to verify that a database isintact and is not corrupt.The.selftest command looks for a table in schema named 'selftest'and defined as follows. CREATE TABLE selftest(tno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, - Test numberop TEXT, - 'run' or 'memo'cmd TEXT, - SQL command to run, or text of 'memo'ans TEXT - Expected result of the SQL command);The.selftest command reads the rows of the selftest table inselftest.tno order.For each 'memo' row, it writes the text in 'cmd' to the output. Foreach 'run' row, it runs the 'cmd' text as SQL and compares the resultto the value in 'ans', and shows an error message if the results differ.If there is no selftest table, the '.selftest' command runs.The '.selftest -init' command creates the selftest table if itdoes not already exists, then appends entries that check the SHA3hash of the content of all tables. Subsequent runs of '.selftest'will verify that the database has not been changed in any way. Togenerates tests to verify that a subset of the tables are unchanged,simply run '.selftest -init' then the selftest rows thatrefer to tables that are not constant.16. SQLite Archive SupportThe '.archive' dot-command and the '-A' command-line optionprovide built-in support for the. The interface is similar tothat of the 'tar' command on unix systems.
Each invocation of the '.ar'command must specify a single command option. The following commandsare available for '.archive':OptionLong OptionPurpose-c-createCreate a new archive containing specified files.-x-extractExtract specified files from archive.-i-insertAdd files to existing archive.-t-listList the files in the archive.-u-updateAdd files to existing archive if they have changed.As well as the command option, each invocation of '.ar' may specifyone or more modifier options. Some modifier options require an argument,some do not. The following modifier options are available:OptionLong OptionPurpose-v-verboseList each file as it is processed.-f FILE-file FILEIf specified, use file FILE as thearchive.
Two ways to create a new archive named 'newarchive.db' containing - files 'file1', 'file2' and 'file3'.ar -c -file newarchive.db file1 file2 file3.ar -f newarchive.db -create file1 file2 file3Alternatively, the first argument following to '.ar' may be the concatenationof the short form of all required options (without the '-' characters). Inthis case arguments for options requiring them are read from the command linenext, and any remaining words are considered command arguments. Create a new archive 'newarchive.db' containing files 'file1' and - 'file2' from directory 'dir1'.ar cCf dir1 newarchive.db file1 file2 file316.1. SQLite Archive Create CommandCreate a new archive, overwriting any existing archive (either in the current'main' db or in the file specified by a -file option). Each argument followingthe options is a file to add to the archive. Directories are importedrecursively.
See above for examples.16.2. SQLite Archive Extract CommandExtract files from the archive (either to the current working directory orto the directory specified by a -directory option). If there are no argumentsfollowing the options all files are extracted from the archive. Or, if thereare arguments, they are the names of files to extract from the archive.
Anyspecified directories are extracted recursively. It is an error if anyspecified files are not part of the archive. Extract all files from the archive in the current 'main' db to the - current working directory. List files as they are extracted.ar -extract -verbose- Extract file 'file1' from archive 'ar.db' to directory 'dir1'.ar fCx ar.db dir1 file116.3. SQLite Archive List CommandList the contents of the archive. If no arguments are specified, then allfiles are listed. Otherwise, only those specified as arguments are.
Currently,the -verbose option does not change the behaviour of this command. That maychange in the future.
List contents of archive in current 'main' db.ar -list16.4. SQLite Archive Insert And Update CommandsThe -update and -insert commands work like -create command, except thatthey do not delete the current archive before commencing. CREATE TEMP TABLE sqliteparameters(key TEXT PRIMARY KEY,value ANY) WITHOUT ROWID;And if there is an entry in that table where the key column exactly matchesthe name of parameter (including the initial '?'
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, '$', ':', or '@' character)then the parameter is assigned the value of the value column. If no entry exists,the parameter defaults to NULL.The '.parameter' command exists to simplify managing this table. The'.parameter init' command (often abbreviated as just '.param init') createsthe temp.sqliteparameters table if it does not already exist. The '.param list'command shows all entries in the temp.sqliteparameters table.
The '.param clear'command drops the temp.sqliteparameters table. The '.param set KEY VALUE' and'.param unset KEY' commands create or delete entries from thetemp.sqliteparameters table.The temp.sqliteparameters table only provides values for parameters in thecommand-line shell. The temp.sqliteparameter table has no effect on queriesthat are run directly using the SQLite C-language API. Individual applicationsare expected to implement their own parameter binding.
You can search for'sqliteparameters' in theto see how the command-line shell does parameter binding, and use that asa hint for how to implement it yourself.18. Index Recommendations (SQLite Expert)Note: This command is experimental. It may be removed or theinterface modified in incompatible ways at some point in the future.For most non-trivial SQL databases, the key to performance is creatingthe right SQL indexes. In this context 'the right SQL indexes' means thosethat cause the queries that an application needs to optimize run fast.
The'.expert' command can assist with this by proposing indexes that mightassist with specific queries, were they present in the database.The '.expert' command is issued first, followed by the SQL queryon a separate line. For example, consider the following session.
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Sqlite CREATE TABLE x1(a, b, c); - Create table in databasesqlite.expertsqlite SELECT. FROM x1 WHERE a=? AND b?; - Analyze this SELECTCREATE INDEX x1idx000123a7 ON x1(a, b);0 0 0 SEARCH TABLE x1 USING INDEX x1idx000123a7 (a=? AND b?)sqlite CREATE INDEX x1ab ON x1(a, b); - Create the recommended indexsqlite.expertsqlite SELECT.
FROM x1 WHERE a=? AND b?; - Re-analyze the same SELECT(no new indexes)0 0 0 SEARCH TABLE x1 USING INDEX x1ab (a=? AND b?)In the above, the user creates the database schema (a single table - 'x1'),and then uses the '.expert' command to analyze a query, in this case'SELECT. FROM x1 WHERE a=? The shell tool recommends that theuser create a new index (index 'x1idx000123a7') and outputs the planthat the query would use in format. The user then createsan index with an equivalent schema and runs the analysis on the same queryagain. This time the shell tool does not recommend any new indexes, andoutputs the plan that SQLite will use for the query given the existingindexes.The '.expert' command accepts the following options:OptionPurpose-verboseIf present, output a more verbose report for each query analyzed.-sample PERCENTBy default, the '.expert' command recommends indexes based on thequery and database schema alone.
This is similar to the way theselects indexes for queries if the user has notrun the command on the database to generate datadistribution statistics. For small databases and modern CPUs, there is usually no reason notto pass '-sample 100'. However, gathering data distributionstatistics can be expensive for large database tables. If theoperation is too slow, try passing a smaller value for the -sampleoption.Th functionality described in this section may be integrated into otherapplications or tools using thecode.19. Other Dot CommandsThere are many other dot-commands available in the command-lineshell.
See the '.help' command for a complete list for any particularversion and build of SQLite.20. Using sqlite3 in a shell scriptOne way to use sqlite3 in a shell script is to use 'echo' or'cat' to generate a sequence of commands in a file, then invoke sqlite3while redirecting input from the generated command file. Thisworks fine and is appropriate in many circumstances. But asan added convenience, sqlite3 allows a single SQL command to beentered on the command line as a second argument after thedatabase name. When the sqlite3 program is launched with twoarguments, the second argument is passed to the SQLite libraryfor processing, the query results are printed on standard outputin list mode, and the program exits. This mechanism is designedto make sqlite3 easy to use in conjunction with programs like'awk'. Sh configure; makeThe configure-make works whether your are building from the canonical sourcesfrom the source tree, or from an amalgamated bundle.
There are fewdependencies. When building from canonical sources, a workingis required.If using an amalgamation bundle, all the preprocessing work normallydone by tclsh will have already been carried out and only normal buildtools are required.A working isneeded in order for the to operate.On Windows with MSVC, use nmake with the Makefile.msc.